GOVERNOR GENERALS OF BRITISH INDIA

Robert Clive (1757-60 & 1765-67)

1. Governor of Bengal during this period.
2. Started dual Government in India in 1765.
3. He was a British officer who established the military and political supremacy of the East India Company in Bengal.
4. The foundations of the British empire in India were, it is said, laid by Robert Clive, known to his admirers as the "conqueror of India".
5. Clive defeated the Nawab of Bengal Shiraj-ud-daula in the famous Battle of Plassey in 1757.
6. Clive first arrived in India in 1743 as a civil servant of the East India Company; he later transferred to the military service of the Company and returned to England in 1753.
7. On 22 November 1774 Clive committed suicide, aged forty-nine, at his Berkeley Square home in London.

Vanisttart (1760-65)

1. The Famous Battle of Buxar was fought on 23 October 1764 between the forces under the command of the British East India Company led by Hector Munro and the combined Muslim army ofMir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal; Shuja-ud-Daula the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal King Shah Alam II. During his Governorship.

Warren hastings

Warren Hastings (1772-74)

1. Abolished Dual Government started by

 Robert Clive in 1765.

2. Introduced quintessential settlement 

of land revenue in 1772.

3. Made appointments of Collectors and 

other revenue officials.

4. Codified Hindu and Muslim Laws.

5. Trial of Nand Kumar and his Judicial murder in 1775.

6. Foundation of Asiatic Society of Bengal with the help

 of William Jones in 1784.

7. After his return to England in 1785, Impeachment 

proceeding were initiated against him in the house of Lord.

8. The first Governor-General of Bengal was Warren Hastings.

9. Started Diwani and Faujdari Adalats at the District level.

10. Rohila War in 1774, First Anglo-Maratha War (1776-82) and Second Anglo-Maratha War from 1780-84.

Sir John Macpherson

1.1785-1786
2.He held the post temporarily.

Lord Cornwallis (1786-93)

Lord Cornwallis

1. First Person to codify Laws in 1793. The code separated the revenue administration from the administration of Justice. Created the post of District Judge.
2. Introduced the Permanent settlement in 1793.
3. Cornwallis called “Father of Civil Service in India”.
4. He also led the British forces in the third Anglo-Mysore war and defeated the Great Tipu Sultan, ruler of Mysore.
5. In 1793, He returned to England to receive the title of the Marques. And was granted seat in the Privy Council and died in 1805.

Sir John Shore(1793-1798)

1.He followed policy of non-intervention.Introduced Charter Act of 1793.

Lord Wellesley (1793-1798) 

1. Described himself as “Bengal Tiger”
2. Introduced the system of Subsidiary Alliance.

3. Madras Presidency was formed during his period.

wellesley

4. The States that signed the alliance were the first 

Hyderabad in 1798 and then Mysore, Tanjore, Awahd, Peshwa, Bhonsle, Sindhia, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bundi, Bharatpur.
5. Signed the Treaty of Bassien and fought Second Anglo- Maratha war.
6. He founded the Fort William College at Calcutta.

7. Died in 1842.

Lord Minto-I (1807-1813 )

1. Signed Treaty of Amritsar in 1809 between Ranjit Singh and the English.

Lord Hastings (1813-1823)

1. Introduction of Ryotwari settlement in Madras Presidency by Governor Thomas Munro in 1820.
2. Adopted the Policy of intervention and War.
3. Mahalwari (Village Community) system of Land Revenue was made in North West Province by James Thomson.

Lord William Bentick (1828-1835)

1. First Governor General of India by Government of India Act 1833

Bentick

2. Known as the “Benevolent Governor General".                3. Most Liberal and Enlightened Governor General of India and regarded as the “Father of Modern Western Education in India”.

4. Banned practiced of Sati in 1829. And banned female infanticide.

5. Created the province of Agra in 1834.

6. He made the English the court Language in higher court but Persian continued in Lower court.

7. Abolished Court of Appeals and Circuit set up by the Cornwallis. 

8. Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835-36) called Liberator of Press.

Lord Dalhousie (1849-1856) 

1. Lord Dalhousie introduced the Policy of Doctrine of Lapse captured Satara in 1848, Jaitpur and Sambhalpur in 1849. Baghat in 1850, Udaipur in 1852, Jhansi in 1853, and Nagpur in 1854.

2. Introduced Wood’s Dispatch known as Magna 

Dalhousie

Carta of English Education in India prepared by 

Charles Wood. It suggested a scheme of education from Primary to University level.

3. He laid the first Railway Line in 1853 from Bombay to Thane and second from Calcutta to Raniganj.

4. Gave a great impetus to Post and Telegraph.

 Telegraph lines were first laid from Calcutta to Agra.

5. Hindu Marriage Act passed in 1856.

6. A Post office Act was passed in 1854. Postage stamp were issued for the first time.

7. He was the youngest Governor General of India. He assumed charge at age of 36.

8. An Engineering Collage at Roorkee was established.

9. A separate Public Works Department was setup for the first time, Started work on Grand Trunk Road and developed the Harbours at Karachi, Bombay, and Calcutta.

Lord Canning (1856-62) 

1. He was the first last Governor General of India and First Viceroy of India.
2. Revolt of 1857.
3. Queen Victoria’s Proclamation and passing the Indian council act of 1858.
4. Doctrine of Lapse which was started by Lord Dalhousie was withdrawn in 1859.
5. Foundation of the Universities in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras in 1857.
6. Indigo Revolt in Bengal in 1859-60.
7. Bahadur Shah was sent to Rangoon.
8. IPC and Cr.PC was enacted.
9. Income Tax was introduced for the first time in 1858.
10. Indian High Court act 1861 was enacted.

Sir John Lawrence (1864-69)

1. Telegraphic communication was opened with Europe.
2. High Courts were established at Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras in 1865.
3. Expanded Canals and Railways works.
4. Bhutan War (1865).
5. Created the Indian Forests Department and modernised the native Judicial System.

Lord Mayo (1869-72)

1. Introduced Financial decentralization in India, Established Mayo collage at Ajmer for the Princes.
2. Organised the Statistical Survey of India.
3. Established the Department of Agriculture and Commerce.
4. He was the only Viceroy to be murdered in office by a convict in Andaman’s in 1872, Introduction of State Railways.

Lord Lytton (1876-1880) 

1. Most infamous Governor General , Perused free trade and abolished duties on 29 British manufactured goods which accelerated drain of wealth of India.
2. Arranged the Grand Darbar in Delhi in 1877 when the country was suffering from a severe famine.
3. Passed the Royal Title Act (1876) and Queen Victoria was declared as the “Kaisar-i-Hind”.
4. Lowered the Maximum limits from 21 to 19 for civil services.

Lord Ripon (1880-84)

1. Vernacular Press Act was repealed in 1882.
2. The first Factory Act 1881 to improve the Labour Condition.
3. Resolution of Local Self Government in 1882.
4. Appointed Hunter Commission for Education Reforms in 1882.
5. The Illbert bill controversy erupted during his time in 1883.
6. Regular Census in 1881.
7. Lord Dufferin (1884-88), Foundation of INC.

Lord Curzon (1899-1905)

1. Appointed a Police Commission under Andrew Frazer in 1902.
2. Set up Universities Commission in 1902 under Sir Thomas Releigh and Indian Universities Act of 1904 was Passed.
3. Setup Department of Commerce and Industry.
4. Partition of Bengal.

Lord Hardinge (1910-16)

1. Coronation Durbar in 1911 at Delhi in honour of George V.
2. Separate State of Bihar and Orissa in 1911.
3. He shifted the Delhi to capital in 1911 from Calcutta.
4. In 1916, Saddler Committee on Universities appointed.
5. Banaras Hindu Universities was founded in 1916 by Madan Mohan Malviya.
6. Tilak founded the Home Rule league.

Lord Chelmsford (1916-21)

1. He laid the foundation of Woman’s University at Poona.
2. Hunter Commission was appointed to inquire into Punjab wrongs.
3. Home Rule League was formed by Annie Besant.
4. Aligarh Muslim University was founded in 1920.
5. Under the Viceroy Lord Reading (1921-26), Railway Budget was separated from General Budgets in 1921. And Vishwa Bharti University started by Rabindra Nath Tagore.

Lord Irwin (1926-31)

1. Popularly known as Christian Viceroy.
2. Appointment of Indian States Commission under Harcourt Butler in 1927 to recommend measures for the establishment of better relations between the Indian States and the Central Government.
3. Sharda Act was passed in 1929. It prohibited marriage of girls below 14 and boys below 18.
4. Indian School of Mines was opened in Dhanbad.
5. Chauri-Chaura incident in 1922 Swaraj Party in 1923, Kakori Train Dacoity in 1925, Formation of RSS in 1925.
6. Simon Commission was arrived in Bombay.
7. Gandhiji began Dandi March.
8. First Round Table Conference took place with out Congress.
9. Gnadhi-Irwin pact was signed.

Lord Linlithgow (1936-43)

1. Quit India Movement in 1942 started by Gandhi Ji.
2. Under Lord Wavel (1943-47), Interim Government was formed on 2 Sep 1946,
P.M of Britain made announcement of Independence on Feb 20 1947, Cabinet Mission was appointed in 1946.
3. Lord Mountbatten first Governor General of Free India from 1947-48.
4. His Plan to make India free on 15 Aug. 1947.

Lord Wavell (1944-1947) 

1.Shimla Conference was held on June 25, 1945 between Muslim League and Indian national Congress was failed.
2.Cabinet Mission Plan was launched in 1946.On December 09, 1946, first    meeting of Constituent Assembly was held.

Lord Mountbatten March 1947- August 1947 

Mountbatten

1.Last Viceroy and first Governor General of free India.Partition of India was done on June 3, 1947.

2.India Independent Act was passed on July 4, 1947 by British parliament. As per the Act India became independent on August 15, 1947.
3.He was succeeded by C. Rajagopalachari, who was the last Governor General of free India.

4.C Rajagopalachari, first Indian Governor General of free India. From 1948-50.

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FOUNDERS OF DIFFERENT COMPANIES

Portal Name                                                 Founder Name

1.Google                                                       Larry Page & Sergey Brin

2.Facebook                                                    Mark Zuckerberg

3.Yahoo                                                         David Filo & Jerry Yang

4.Twitter                                                        Jack Dorsey & Dick Costolo

5.Internet                                                      Tim Berners Lee

6.Linkdin                                                        Reid Hoffman, Allen Blue &                                                                             Koonstantin Guericke

7.Email                                                          Shiva Ayyadurai

8.Gtalk                                                          Richard Wah kan

9.Whatsapp                                                    Laurel Kirtz

10.Hotmail                                                     Sabeer Bhatia

11.Orkut                                                        Buyukkokten

12.Wikipedia                                                  Jimmy Wales

13.You tube                                                   Steve Chen, Chad Hurley &                                                                             JawedKarim

14.Rediffmail                                                  Ajit Balakrishnan

15.Nimbuzz                                                    Martin Smink & Evert Jaap Lugt

16.Myspace                                                    Chris Dewolfe & Tom Anderson

17.Ibibo                                                         Ashish Kashyap

18.OLX                                                           Alec Oxenford & Fabrice Grinda

19.Skype                                                        Niklas Zennstrom,Janus Friis &                                                                         Reid Hoffman

20.Opera                                                        Jon Stephenson von Tetzchner                                                                            &Geir lvarsoy

21.Mozilla Firefox                                            Dave Hyatt & Blake Ross

22.Blogger                                                      Evan Willams

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SATAVAHANA DYNASTY

SATAVAHANA DYNASTY:

• Capital of this dynasty are Pratishthana, Amaravati
• Languages are Prakrit, Telugu, Tamil
• Religion :Hinduism, Buddhism
• This dynasty was founded by Simuka. (65 BC)
• Satakarni was an important king.
• They constructed many buddhist worshipping sites- the important ones being at Amaravati and
• Nagarjuna Konda.
• They issued the maximum number of lead coins.Sangam Literature relates primarily to Pandyan kingdom but also contains information about Cholas and Cheras.
• Tolkkapiyam is the oldest book of Tamil grammar.

ADMINISTRATION:

The Satavahana administration was very simple and was according to the principle laid down in Dharmashastras. The king laid no claim of divine right. They had only the most modest title of rajan. They had no absolute power. Their power was checked in practice by customs and shastras. The king was the commander of war and of threw himself into the thickest of the frays.

A peculiar feature of the Satavahana administration was the presence of feudatories of different grade. The highest class was that of petty princes bearing the kingly title raja and striking coins in their own names. Next in rank was the maharathi and mahabhoja. Both titles from the beginning were hereditary and restricted to a few families in a few localities. Probably mahabhoja ranked higher than that of maharathi.The mahabhojas were the feudatories of Satavahanas. They were primarily located in western Deccan. They were related by blood to the feudatory maharathi. It is definitely known that the maharathis were the feudatories of Satavahanas. 

Towards the close of the Satavahana period two more feudatories were created Mahasenapathi and them mahataralavara.

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Vitamins with Chemical Name, Uses and Deficiency Diseases

Vitamins with Chemical Name, Uses and Deficiency Diseases:

These essential nutrients are broken up into two groups based on the amount that is needed:

1. Macro nutrients: protein, carbohydrates, fat, and water

2. Micro nutrients: vitamins and minerals

Vitamins: Vitamins comprises micro-nutrients, since these are required in minute quantities. These are necessary for normal growth, good health, good vision, proper digestion of body. etc. Each vitamin has its own importance for life and the health of the body. It is difficult to replace it by any other thing. If there is deficiency of vitamins in the diet of body, the body suffers from various diseases and ailments.

Vitamins are classified as :

1.Water soluble vitamins :

Water-soluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body, so you need to get them from food every day. They can be destroyed by overcooking. These are easily absorbed by the body. Human body doesn't store large amounts of water-soluble vitamins. B-complex vitamins and vitamin C are water-soluble vitamins that are not stored in the body and must be replaced each day. These vitamins are easily destroyed or washed out during food storage and preparation. They are eliminated in urine so, body need a continuous supply of them in diets. Examples: Vitamin B-complex group: Thiamin (vitamin B1), Riboflavin (vitamin B2), Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Biotin, Pantothenic acid and Vitamin C 

2.Fat soluble vitamins:Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E and Vitamin K. Unlike water-soluble vitamins, these vitamins dissolve in fat and are stored in liver and body tissues. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed, together with fat from the intestine, into the circulation. 

Where are Fat Soluble Vitamins stored in Human Body?

Vitamins A, D and K are stored in the liver and vitamin E is distributed throughout the body's fatty tissues.

Vitamins	Chemical Name	Sources	Deficiency Causes	Function in Body
Vitamin A	Retinol	Animal Fat, Eggs. Carrot Mangoes, Milk, Papayas.	Night blindness. Dermatitis and Xerophthalmia	vision,  growth,  resistance to diseases
Vitamin B1	Thiamine	Cereals, Eggs	Beriberi	energy metabolism (glucides), proper functioning of the nervous system
Vitamin B2	Riboflavin	Fish. Cereals	Ariboflavinosis	metabolism of amino acids and fats
Vitamin B3	Nicotinic Acid	grains, yeast, fish, eggs		tissue integrity (skin)
Vitamin B6	Pyridoxine	Cereals, Eggs	Convulsions in child	metabolism of proteins, fats, glucides and iron
Vitamin-B9	Folic Acid	yeast, liver		protein metabolism, haemoglobin synthesis
Vitamin B12	Cyanocabalamin	Eggs and cereals	Pernicious Anaemia	protein metabolism, haemoglobin synthesis
Vitamin C	Ascorbic Acid	Fruit, Orange. Lenons. Milk	Scurvy
Vitamin D	Calciferol	Fish. Eggs, Milk, Butter	Ricketts and Osteomalacia	balanced metabolism of phosphorus and calcium, improved absorption of calcium
Vitamin E	Tocopherol	Wheat germ. Milk. Eggs. Yolk	Sterility	antioxidant prevention of muscular pathology (strain)
Vitamin K	Phylloquinione	Wheat germ. Milk, cereals. Eggs	Hemophilia	production of coagulants
Vitamin -H	Biotin	yeast,  natural ingredients		integrity of the skin, metabolism of glucides. lipids and proteins.

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LIST OF AGREEMENTS SIGNED BETWEEN INDIA AND CHINA ( 2015)

LIST OF AGREEMENTS SIGNED BETWEEN INDIA AND CHINA ( 2015):

    India and China, in the month of November 2015, signed two agreements including one in the field of water resources and other on cultural agreement. The agreements were signed after talks between Indian Vice President Hamid Ansari and his visiting Chinese counterpart Li Yuanchao in New Delhi. In May 2015, the two countries had signed 24 agreements worth over 10 billion dollars in Beijing after Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi held talks with Chinese premier Li Keqiang.

THESE ARE THE LIST OF AGREEMENTS:

• Water Resources Agreement: Renewal of an agreement dealing with sharing hydrological data on Sutlej River
• Cultural Agreement: Under it, India will hold exhibition of art from the Gupta period, which is known as golden period in the country. During this period, famous Chinese traveller Fa Hien visited the country
• Protocol for establishment of consulates in Chengdu and Chennai
• Cooperation in vocational education and skill development and setting up of Mahatma Gandhi institute on skill development in India
• Consultative mechanism on cooperation in trade negotiations
• Cooperation between Foreign Ministry and Central Committee of Communist Party of China (CCCPC)
• Action plan between national railway administration of China and Indian Railways
• Memorandum of Understanding on education exchange programme
• Cooperation in the fields of mining and minerals
• Space cooperation outline
• Safety regulations on importing Indian rapeseed meal
• Broadcasting agreement between CCTV and Doordarshan
• Agreement for cooperation in the field of tourism
• Memorandum of Understanding on establishing India-China think tanks forum
• Memorandum of Understanding between NITI Aayog and Development Research Centre
• Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation in earthquake science and engineering
• Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation in ocean sciences, climate change and cryosphere
• Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation in geo sciences
• Memorandum of Understanding on establishment states/provincial leaders' forum
• Cooperation between states and municipalities - establishment of India-China state leaders forum
• Agreement on the establishment of sister states Sichuan and Karnataka
• Agreement on the establishment of sister cities between Chennai and Chongqing
• Agreement on the establishment of sister cities between Hyderabad and Gingdao
• Agreement on the establishment of sister cities Aurangabad and Dunhuang
• Memorandum of Understanding between ICCR and Fudan University for establishment of centre for Gandhian studies
• Memorandum of Understanding for the establishment of Yoga college in Kumning.

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some important treaties signed by Indian government:

some important treaties signed by Indian government:

India - Various
3/1/2012
The Indian government on December 27, 2011, notified authorities in the Cayman Islands and Switzerland that it had completed its individual ratification procedures, to permit the entry into force of a DTA with the Cayman Islands and a Protocol amending the DTA it shares with Switzerland.

India - Georgia
17/1/2012
India has ratified the pending DTA between India and Georgia, publishing the document in the country's Official Gazette on January 6, 2012.
India - Macau
27/1/2012
India and Macau signed a TIEA on January 1, 2012, an official at the Indian government confirmed on January 25, 2012.

India - Thailand
3/2/2012
Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh revealed on January 25 that India and Thailand have signed a revised a DTA.

Saint Kitts and Nevis - India
10/2/2012
It was announced on February 1, 2012, that the St Kitts and Nevis Cabinet has approved a draft TIEA with India.
India - Norway
6/3/2012
According to preliminary media reports, the DTA signed between Norway and India on February 2, 2011, will become effective for taxes liable in India from April 1, 2012. The agreement has been effective in Norway, since January 1, 2012.
Macedonia - India
8/3/2012
On March 5, 2012, India and Macedonia commenced negotiations towards a bilateral DTA.

Belarus - India

United Arab Emirates - India

18/4/2012
According to the Indian government, India and the United Arab Emirates signed a DTA on April 16, 2012.

Estonia - India

19/4/2012
According to preliminary media reports, Estonia's parliament on April 2, 2012, approved a law that would ratify the DTA and accompanying Protocol signed between Estonia and India.

India - Switzerland
1/5/2012
India and Switzerland signed a Protocol to amend their DTA on April 20, 2012, the Indian government announced on April 30, 2012. The agreement contains terms on the exchange of information for tax matters.

Estonia - India
7/5/2012
Estonia's parliament approved a law on May 2, 2012, that would ratify the pending DTA between Estonia and India.

Netherlands - India
16/5/2012
India and the Netherlands signed a Protocol on May 10, 2012, to add tax information exchange provisions to the two countries' existing DTA.

India - Malaysia
11/5/2012
India and Malaysia signed a DTA on May 9, 2012, .

Jersey - India
22/5/2012
The Jersey government on May 17, 2012, confirmed that the TIEA signed between Jersey and India in November 2011 entered into force on May 8, 2012.

Lithuania - India
29/5/2012
Lithuania on May 4, 2012, ratified the pending DTA the nation signed with India.

India - Japan
30/5/2012
The Indian government on May 24, 2012, published a notification announcing the entry into force of an amendment to the DTA between India and Japan. The revised provisions became effective on April 1, 2012.

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DELHI SULTANATE

Delhi Sultanate(1206 AD - 1526 AD)

During this period of 300 years, 5 dynasties of 32 kings ruled Delhi.

The earliest rulers of Delhi Sultanate are Mamluks.
Mohammad Ghori - Died in 1206 AD

Slave Dynasty( 1206AD-1290AD ):

1. Qutubuddin Aibek

• Mohammad Ghori died in 1206 AD
• Qutubuddin Aibek declared himself as Delhi Sultanate
• Ruled for four years.
• Started construction of Qutub Minar 

2. Iltamush

• Son of Qutubuddin Aibek 
• completed the construction of Qutub Minar
• Established vast kingdom by the end of 1220 AD 
• Became sultan after defeating Aram Shah son of Aibek 

3. Razia Sultana

• Daughter of Iltamush
• Ruled for 1236-1240 AD
• Wise and capable ruler
• Faced many difficulties being a woman
• She was killed in 1240 AD

4. Nasiruddin

• Youngest son of Iltamush
• He was a failure as a king
• The administration was carried on by his general Balban
• Balban was a loving man, strong-willed powerful personality.
• Member of "Chalisa" or "The Forty" a group of Turkish people selected and trained by Iltamush for his self-defense
• Nasiruddin died in 1266

5. Balban

• After Nasiruddin Balban became Delhi Sultanate
• He recommended simple living
• He died in 1287
• His grandson was the last ruler of Slave Dynasty
• He was murdered in 1290

Khilji Dynasty( 1290AD-1320AD ):

1. Alauddin Khilji

• He wanted to Conquer the world like Alexander
• He ascended the throne by killing his uncle in father-in-law
• Apart from Gujarat and Malwa, he captured the famous 'Ranthambore' and Chittor forts.
• Sent large army to the south under the command of Malik kafur
• Malik kafur looted and collected very huge hauls of gold from different Kingdoms.
• He attacked even Madurai
• Alauddin Khilji domain was as large as that of Ashoka
• He brought out many reforms
• Kept administration and relegion seperate
• introduced price control and market control
• Bribery was punishable
• Land revenue was according to the size of land
• lover of art and music
• "Amir khusro"  member of his court invented Sitar and Tabala

Tughluq Dynasty( 1320AD-1399AD ):

1. Ghiasuddin Tughluq

2. Mohammed Tughlug

• was an able administrator
• His plan to shift capital Delhi to Devagiri which he renamed Daulatabad
• Another plan for copper and brass coins also failed

3. Firoz Shah Tughluq

• succeeded Mohammed Tughluq
• spent less on war and armies and more on Hospitals, educational institutions, bridges, canals etc. for the welfare of the people
• during his time many Sanskrit works were translated to Arabic

Sayyid Dynasty( 1399AD-1451AD ):

1. Timur

• He is a Mongol who invaded India
• Marched to Delhi and defeated the Tughluq rulers 
• Timurs deputy Khizr khan settled in Delhi and declared himself as Sultan

Lodhi Dynasty( 1451AD-1526AD ):

1. Sikander Lodhi

• Ruled over the region of Ganga Valley as far as West Bengal
• Shifted capital from Delhi to a new town which later came to known as Agra

2. Ibrahim Lodhi

• Son of Sikander Lodhi
• ruled for 1517- 1526
• he was a tyrant
• his nobles and people conspired him with Babur
• Babur, the king of Kabul overthrew and succeeded him in 1526

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